Says that federalism works as a system of shared governmental duties (also known as marble-cake federalism); emphasizes co-operation (and sometimes confusion) among different levels of government. Replaced by "imminent lawless action" test in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969). A form of restricting African American's 15th Amendment rights during the Jim Crow Era by only allowing whites to vote in the primary elections; giving African Americans only the opportunity to vote for white racist A or white racist B. of State [to name a few]). What Is the Purpose of the 14th Amendment? A nation's basic law, creates political institutions, assigns or divides power in government and often provides certain guarantees to citizens. Anyone can vote in the primary, but you can only vote in the primaries of one party (can't vote in Dem and Rep primaries). A more or less consistent set of beliefs about what policies government should pursue. Federal Courts won't decide issues that should be resolved by executive and legislative branches. Attempt to limit campaign spending & corruption. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. With primaries, a way for a state party to select delegates to send to the National Convention. What is the difference between “deficit” and “national debt”? Economic organization to promote global wealth. The electoral system in which the candidate with the most votes (even only slightly) wins all of the electoral votes of that state. Use American power to promote democracy and peace around the world. Final clause in Congress' enumerated powers (Article 1) that gives congress the power to do anything that is necessary and proper to carry out an enumerated power. "AP Gov" is the abbreviation typically used to refer to the AP United States Government and Politics exam, which assesses exam takers' knowledge of the political system and culture of the United States. Based on Congress's interstate commerce clause power (discrimination impacts interstate commerce). Showed how weak the central confederation government was vs. threats to private property and order. defense, energy, agriculture); major source of earmarking, House & Senate standing committees that begins budget process in Congress by setting overall budget size and amounts that will be spent on different topics (ex. Acts as party's chief spokesperson to the public & sets party's legislative agenda. The U.S. Sets requirements for financial disclosure for elected public officials, and placed restrictions on former government officials' lobbying activities. A 2010 decision by the United States Supreme Court holding that corporate funding of independent political broadcasts in candidate elections cannot be limited under the First Amendment. The right to a fair and speedy public trial by jury, the right to be represented by a lawyer, and to see … A philosophy of judicial decision-making whereby judges give significant deference to the decisions made by elected representatives in the legislative and executive branches; likely to use strict constructionism, Way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take. Text. Supporters of the new constitution in 1787. The most important federal civil rights law. The Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal government and each state from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of gender. Supreme Court declared that the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) was unconstitutional because it exceeded congress' commerce clause power. This spending is unlimited. The powers that are not expressly given to the federal government by the Constitution are reserved to the states or the people. Rationale: only the educated should vote. Major protection against libel (NY Times v. Sullivan). Old as Washington, a belief that America should not seek to become engaged in foreign affairs. Solves big state-little state debate over representation in the federal legislature at Philadelphia Convention. A temporary funding law that Congress passes when an appropriations bill has not been decided by the beginning of the new fiscal year on October 1. of Treasury, Sec. A government organization that, like business corporations, provides a service that could be provided by the private sector and typically charges for its services. Sets priorities in discretionary spending & proposes changes to entitlement programs. A judicial remedy issued in order to prohibit a party from doing or continuing to do a certain activity (like a restraining order). Political ideology (litmus test); acceptability to Senate (not too radical); judicial experience; diversity, Core values = liberty, equality, democracy, rule of law, The modern media trend for TV and radio shows to target very narrow ideological audiences (ex. Court used test to uphold some regulations like waiting periods and parental notification. 12 colonies send delegates to revise the Articles of Confederation; Delegates soon agree to draft completely new Constitution with stronger federal government. Spending by PACs, 527s corporations, or labor unions that is done to help a party or candidate but is done independently of them. How does the federal government borrow money? "The decision stands". Maintains separation of powers so that no one branch gets too powerful. McCain-Feingold shut down these contributions to political parties. A nation or state wide election; the winner becomes an elected government official. If four or more justices must vote to hear a case, then the case will be heard (granted certiorari), The list of cases that the Supreme Court has agreed to hear (granted certiorari to) in a term. Created EEOC to enforce. 4. The Fifteenth Amendment would guarantee protection against racial discrimination in voting. The way we develop opinions & beliefs. Trading favors by legislators to help pass their bills. The right to vote shall not be denied based on age (18+ years of age). Get-out-the vote activities (grassroots organization). Used by most states (instead of caucus). only women can represent women, blacks represent blacks, etc.). It is now the main way of selecting party candidates. US Citizen; 18+ age; Non-jail servers (1+ years in jail make you a felon, and you lose your right to vote); the non-mentally-incompetent (hard to define who is and who isn't). Beliefs are 100% protected but religious practices are not exempt from neutral laws that affect everyone (ex., polygamy & illegal drugs). (1973) No person, not even the President of the United States, is completely above law; and the president cannot use executive privilege as an excuse to withhold evidence that is 'demonstrably relevant in a criminal trial.'. anti-gay marriage, anti-drugs), President may veto any bill by returning it to Congress with explanation. Also known as the Elastic clause. Winner gets all electoral college votes (except Maine & Nebraska which uses proportional system). May occur in one critical election (ex., 1860) or over time (ex., African Americans switch from Republican Party to Democratic Party during Civil Rights Era). "Commerce clause case" (1824) Decision greatly enlarged congress' interstate commerce clause power. They represents the interests of their party by meeting with the majority leaders (in the case of the House, the House Speaker, to schedule bills and rules for floor action). A business trip taken by a government official at the public's expense. Cram.com makes it easy to get the grade you want! Government policy favoring a historically disadvantaged minority group (ex. Family (most important); TV/media (growing in importance); friends/peers; and school (formal socialization). Can be written or unwritten. A law passed during the Jim Crow era that discouraged African Americans from voting by saying that if your grandpa couldn't vote, then neither can you. Violation of federalism. poll taxes) and by violence (KKK). AKA Spoils System. He is the commander of the nation's armed forces. Qualified Presidential candidates can receive federal government funds to pay for their political campaigns in both the primary and general elections. Discourages third parties. Holds confirmation hearings for the nominations for federal judges by the president. Free trade organization in North America. defense, education), Held hearings for people discontent with certain treaties so that they can voice their feelings. Theory of representation that says that anyone can represent any group (ex. Major jobs are to support state level candidates and to hold primary elections to select candidates. Theory of federalism that strictly separates federal power (ex. Created by Washington, now an example of an informal amendment to the Constitution. An individual or group being sued or charged with a crime. foreign relations) and state power (ex. Frequent among independent voters; leads to divided government. Women are more likely to support spending on welfare & education, and to oppose higher levels of military spending. Any political party that appears as an alternative to the two main parties of the Democrats and the Republicans. maximum spending limit and limits on candidates' spending their own money). Occurs when a state wants the voter's opinion on a controversial issue. Abortion case that applied new flexible test (instead of rigid trimester framework of Roe v Wade): Does state regulation of abortion place "undue burden" on women's right to an abortion? (Use previous case to decide current one). Maximum party control. Twenty-Second Amendment Limits the number of times that a person can be elected president. Era in the South after Civil War until 1950s when African Americans were free and could legally vote (Amendments 13, 14, 15), but were discriminated against (segregation) and kept from voting by laws (ex. First Voting Rights Amendment (with 19, 24 & 26), Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures). Can be very unorganized. Used to elect Representatives & Senators. Group of laws that defines and sets punishments for offenses against society. 3. A way of dividing power among three branches of government in which members of the House of Representatives, members of the Senate, the president, and the federal courts are selected by and responsible to different constituents. The short period (days or months) following an election when a president's popularity and ability to influence Congress is at its highest. The idea was that larger states would have more power because they had more people. Emphasizes tax and spending-cuts and free markets (deregulation) rather traditional morality, Reaganomics, Devolution-revolution. The system by which legislative seats are awarded to a party in proportion to the vote that party wins in an election (50% vote for Dem in AZ, Dems get 50% of AZ's seats). An order from the House Rules Committee that permits a bill to be amended on the floor (allows "death by amendment"), Rule in the House of Representatives that prohibits any amendments to bills or says that only members of the committee reporting the bill may offer amendments, The ability of a president to negotiate treaties with foreign nations (requires 2/3 senate support to ratify a treaty), The power of the president to appoint important government office positions with advice and consent of senate (majority support). A form of surveying where volunteers call random phone numbers from a phone book and survey the people who pick up. The FDA sets up its own procedures & rules for determining what food & drugs are safe for consumption). The change was generally supported by … See more. First major federal law (1971) to regulate federal elections. This is the system used by most countries. Recall, initiative, referendum. A procedure used in the senate to limit debate on a bill (end a filibuster); requires 60 votes. A group within a standing committee that specializes in a subcategory of its standing committee's responsibility. Wrap your head around the 15th Amendment and its effect on the nation. Yes, commerce is all economic activity. The idea that politicians can only represent people like them (ex. Supported increased power of federal government. He/she controls the committee calendar, agenda, and hearings. Non-treaty agreement between the U.S. president and other nations that does not require Senate ratification. The 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Right to bear arms. The party opposing an appeal from a lower court to a higher court. The meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform. On July 28, 1868, the 14th amendment was declared, in a certificate of the Secretary of State, ratified by the necessary 28 of the 37 States, and became part of the supreme law of the land. Becomes basis of representation in the Senate. A set of basic, foundational values and beliefs about government that is shared by most citizens. The period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union (1865-1877). A lessening of the importance of party loyalties in voting decision (more independent voters, more split ticket voting, more divided government). Ignored by all presidents as unconstitutional. allow women special forces). The newly-freed slaves grandpas couldn't vote, so neither could they. Also called "courts of appeal". Rich white male protestant lawyers & businessmen! Creation of powerful (iron) relationship of mutual benefit & support among congressional committee, government agency and regulated interest group(s). More people surveyed and better surveying strategies leads to lower (better) sampling error. Replaced by our current constitution. Top positions must be confirmed by Senate. Lowest level of federal courts, where federal cases begin and trials are held (bank robbery, environmental violations, tax evasion). Abolished slavery. A tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches (Senate only; House Rules Committee places time limits on all debates). A form of restricting African American's 15th Amendment rights during the Jim Crow Era by only allowing whites to vote in the primary elections; giving African Americans only the opportunity to vote for white racist A or white racist B. You support my bill, I'll support yours. "Unpledged Delegates" (usually important party members) at national party convention (about 20% of total delegates) who, unlike "pledged delegates" selected in primaries or caucuses, are not committed to a particular candidate. Established by CJ Marshall in McCulloch v. Maryland. Led to affirmative action policy in delegate selection and use of primaries. Too simplistic to describe how federalism actually works. Loose interpretation of necessary & proper clause results in growth of federal power. Failed rebellion by poor farmers in MA against state government & banks that were taking their farms. A meeting of important party members to select party candidates. Massive growth since New Deal & WWII (2.5m people = nation's largest employer), A federal law prohibiting government officials from active participation in partisan politics to prevent corruption, A list of good-paying (sweet) jobs that the new president can fill by appointment (agency directors and other VIPs), The fifteen largest and most influential agencies of the federal bureaucracy (e.g., Department of State, Treasury, Justice...). Is transporting people (ferry) commerce? Person responsible for the day-to-day activities of the party and is usually hand-picked by the presidential nominee. Person holding office after his or her replacement has been elected to the office, but before the current term has ended. Hamilton, Washington, Marshall. Exclusive powers are given only to one level of government (ex., the power to declare war). Requires states to do something in order to get the money (ex. Can lead to corruption and "agency capture" (where the agency is controlled by the target of regulation). Federal agencies that aren't large or important enough to get department status. The leader of the majority party who serves as the presiding officer of the House of Representatives. 1st Amendment clause; Congress can make no law abridging freedom of speech (including symbolic speech); Gitlow v. NY incorporates clause into 14th Amendment. If the president is unable to serve, he/she takes his/her place. People often do things just because other people do them. 1, 2 and 4 and for Respondents, Lyndon B. Johnson: Voting Rights Act Address, A Jazz Age sanctuary: Lyndsay Faye draws from Hemingway and the racial history of the Pacific Northwest for The Paragon Hotel, Voter suppression a symptom as US racial inequality lingers; Dr Cherrie Short takes a look at how voting is a basic right, From Nude Art to John Steinbeck's Birthday, March 30, 1998: Carpet Oasis opens in Dubai, Bangladesh PM pays tribute to freedom fighters, Fawad questions Nawaz democratic credentials, 13 year old, legal custody, wants to move, 17 year old can't have contact with boyfriend, 17 yr. Old daughter being questioned by police, 18 year old picked up by cops walking home from party, intoxicated, 18 year old son, dorm room searched by police, 18 year old without license wrecked car, liability, 18 yr. Old brother accused of child molestation, 19 year old daughter in jail for bringing marijuana into the jail. The losing party in a court case who appeals the case to a higher court. Aim is to increase democracy (citizen law-making). Directors appointed by President w/ advice & consent of Senate. Bush after 9/11). Associated with Woodrow Wilson & Jimmy Carter. Thomas Jefferson's statement of political liberalism (limited government to protect life liberty and pursuit of happiness; right to revolution). False and malicious (mean) writings about a living person (a type of defamation). The argument that judicial review is problematic because it allows unelected judges to overrule the decisions of elected representatives, thus undermining the will of the majority. Chapters 13 (Federal Budget) and Chapter 14 (The Bureaucracy) Ch. A method to deny blacks right to vote during the Jim Crow Era by requiring reading or civics test in order to vote. For example, the First Amendment of the Bill of Rights guarantees citizens the right to practice whatever religion they please. Declared unconstitutional (violates party freedom to associate). A federal legislative agency that audits (investigates) other agencies of the federal government and reports it's findings to Congress (makes sure they are not spending more money than the government has appropriated for them). Unlimited contributions still flow to 527s. (1) CJ Marshall establishes doctrine of implied powers (Congress can create a national bank because it is necessary & proper to carrying out the enumerated power to coin money); (2) Supremacy clause prevents state (Maryland) from taxing the National Bank. What are the four main sources of federal revenues? A grant ($) given to the states by the national government that can only be used for specific projects/programs specified by the national government. If a bill is proposed within 10 days of congress adjourning, the president can just not sign it and it will die (un-overrideable veto). The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was officially adopted on July 9, 1868. 1st Amendment Clause: Congress shall make no law abridging freedom of the press. A document/speech issued/given by president Abraham Lincoln in 1862 that freed the slaves in rebel states. A state that does not consistently vote either democratic or republican in presidential elections. 1. Replaced the League of Nations. State committee (some paid membership, like a job, might have an office [more formal]). Voting for one party for one office and for another party for other offices. US Postal Service). Associated with Teddy Roosevelt's foreign policy. The recent tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention, Single national primary (but would require runoff election and would hurt less well known candidates). Citizens have other rights as well, not just those stated in the Constitution. Additionally, a person who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected cannot be elected more than once. Issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1863; declared that slaves in rebel states were free. That amendment is also the only one that explicitly repeals an earlier one, the Eighteenth Amendment (ratified in 1919), establishing the prohibition of alcohol. A major principle of the American system of government. The heads of the minority and majority parties in the House of Representatives and Senate. Used by party leaders to retain some control over candidate selection. In elections, it is the process of voting for the candidate everyone else seems to be supporting (poll leaders). Best explanation of how federalism works today (instead of dual federalism). Power of the president to forgive a federal offense without penalty or grant release from a penalty already imposed. Supported a strong central government. Part of federal court system; 13 of them: one for the D.C. and 12 for the rest of the country. Enforcement was, however, difficult as states employed grandfather clauses and other eligibility requirements to maintain racial discrimination in the electoral process. Civil liberties are protections against government actions. Social Security, Welfare); Also socially liberal (support gay rights, abortion, legalization of drugs...), 1993 law to increase vote turnout (which is very low in USA, usually only 40-60% of eligible voters) by letting voters register to vote when they get or renew their driver's license. Opposite of the Virginia "big state" Plan. Two stages: (1) House decides to impeach target (simple majority); (2) Senate holds trial to convict (2/3 majority). The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. AP Daily: Live Review . Written in 1787 at the constitutional convention in Philadelphia, ratified in 1788, amended 27 times (first 10= bill of rights), creates 3 branches of national government, oldest written constitution that is still in use, and it was made because the government set up by the articles of confederation was too weak. Northern Democrats switch parties in 1860 to vote for Republican Party (Lincoln). Short-term patriotic increase in president's popularity and power during times of serious international crisis or war (e.g. the United States federal department responsible for enforcing federal laws (including the enforcement of all civil rights legislation), Head of the Justice Department and the chief law enforcement officer of the United States. An executive officer ranking immediately below a president. Carried out through committee hearings & investigations (ex. 1, Sec. FECA shut down these contributions to candidates. Act in the world only to protect and benefit yourself. Here is the text of the Fifteenth Amendment from the Constitution: Section 1. Start of annual budget process. ); unfunded mandate, Compromise gay policy in military; finally ended by Obama, State laws making sodomy (gay sex) a crime violate equal protection clause, Evolved as a way for Congress to handle large and complex work-load; divides up law-making into major subject areas; major responsibility for debating & marking up bills + oversight of execution of laws (the bureaucracy), Services a congressperson provides for his/her constituents (ex., helping with government claims like social security & veterans benefits), Power of Congress to veto executive decisions & actions; declared unconstitutional in INS v. Chadha (1983) (violates separation of powers), Legislative non-partisan agency to help Congress create budget (like President's OMB), Closest presidential advisor (gatekeeper); does not require confirmation, Member of White House staff that controls flow of information from president, holds daily press briefings, tries to spin/control media, Three economic experts to help president understand and develop economic policy; must be confirmed by senate, Law giving president power to veto portions of budget bill; purpose = reduce size of national deficit; declared unconstitutional (violates separation of powers), Explanations added to bills by President as he signs them into law; criticized as executive law-making, Chief Justice from 1953-1969; led activist liberal court; known for cases expanding rights of criminal defendants (Mapp v Ohio, Gideon v Wainwright, Miranda v Arizona), Current Chief Justice (appointed by Bush in 2005); moved court in conservative direction; known for pro-corporation cases (Citizens United), Corporation set up and run by the government; provides a service to the public (ex. 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